We used metabolic engineering to produce wine yeasts with enhanced resistance to glucose deprivation conditions. Glycogen metabolism was genetically modified to overproduce glycogen by increasing the glycogen synthase activity and eliminating glycogen phosphorylase activity. All of the modified strains had a higher glycogen content at the stationary phase, but accumulation was still regulated d...

In the human body, glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose stored mainly in the liver and the skeletal muscle that supplies glucose to the blood stream during fasting periods and to the muscle cells during muscle contraction. Glycogen has been identified in other tissues such as brain, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes, but glycogen function in these tissues is mostly unknown. G...

The only currently available method to measure brain glycogen in vivo is 13C NMR spectroscopy. Incorporation of 13C-labeled glucose (Glc) is necessary to allow glycogen measurement, but might be affected by turnover changes. Our aim was to measure glycogen absolute concentration in the rat brain by eliminating label turnover as variable. The approach is based on establishing an increased, const...

Overexpression of the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) subunit protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) markedly enhances cellular glycogen levels. In order to disrupt the endogenous PTG-PP1 complex, small interfering RNA (siRNA) constructs against PTG were identified. Infection of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with PTG siRNA adenovirus decreased PTG mRNA and protein levels by >90%. In parallel, PTG reduction result...

Epinephrine increases glycogen synthase (GS) phosphorylation and decreases GS activity but also stimulates glycogen breakdown, and low glycogen content normally activates GS. To test the hypothesis that glycogen content directly regulates GS phosphorylation, glycogen breakdown was stimulated in condition with decreased GS activation. Saline or epinephrine (0.02 mg/100 g rat) was injected subcut...

Figure Legend: Figure 1 Glycogen accumulation–normal accumulation in hepatocytes in a female B6C3F1 mouse from a chronic study. Figure 2 Glycogen accumulation–normal mobilization of glycogen from centrilobular area in a male B6C3F1 mouse from a subchronic study. Figure 3 Glycogen accumulation–glycogen in all hepatocytes in a male B6C3F1 mouse from a subchronic study. Figure 4 Glycogen depletion...

mancozeb, a fungicide of a manganese-zinc ethylenebisdithio-carbamate (ebdc), was administered by gavage at doses of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg/day to female virgin mice for 30 days. the mice were autopsied on 31st day. mice were also treated with similar doses for a period of 30 days and the treatment was withdrawn for a further period of 30 days for reversible study. the mice were autopsied ...

1. Minced muscle and liver of normal rats produce glycogen from glucose-l-phosphate in vitro. 2. If, after a starvation period, the glycogen content falls below 200 mg./100 g., minced liver and muscle do not produce glycogen from glucose-lphosphate. However, if glycogen is added as well, additional glycogen is produced, just as with pure enzyme solutions. 3. In adrenalectomized, adynamic rats t...

to serve as a reference point for this study. All tissue samples were weighed and sub-sampled for glycogen analysis. Liver glycogen (3.1 mg/g liver or 2.8 mg total) and breast glycogen (2.3 mg/g, 3.7 mg total) were 2 and 1.2 times higher, respectively, in the winter than in the summer (P<0.0001). Only during the winter did hatch time affect glycogen status. Total glycogen levels in liver and br...