background: community‑based health programs (cbhps) with participatory approaches has been recognized as an important tool in health promotion. the goal of this study was to understand the nature of participation practice in cbhp and to use the data to advocate for more participation‑friendly policies in the community, academy and funding organizations. methods: in this qualitative study, 13 cb...

A worker’s utility may increase in his own income, but envy can make his utility decline with his employer’s income. Such behavior may call for high-powered incentives, so that increased effort by the worker little increases the income of his employer. This paper employs a principal-agent model to study optimal incentive contracts for envious workers under various assumptions about the object a...

BACKGROUND Never before have parents in most Western societies had their first children as late as in recent decades. What are the central reasons for postponement? What is known about the link between the delay of childbearing and social policy incentives to counter these trends? This review engages in a systematic analysis of existing evidence to extract the maximum amount of knowledge about ...

Background & aim: Attitude is taken into account as the most important determinant of behavior. However, the present knowledge considering opinions of the youths on the verge of marriage is not sufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the attitudes towards childbearing in women and men on the verge of marriage attending health centers in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectiona...

This section presents a stylized discrete-choice model to derive predictions about the effects of a financial incentive program that rewards parents that have fewer children and more daughters. For simplicity, assume that (i) the program provides benefits only to parents that have one child, conditional on no second births, and (ii) the benefit received by parents of one girl ($G) is larger tha...

The Varieties of Incentive Experience We often speak of incentives as if there is only one kind, when in reality there are many. This study uses the financial crisis of 2007-2012 as a laboratory for examining the variety of incentives and distinguishes five key types of incentives. First, are natural incentives in which purely non-human conditions provide incentives to act in certain ways. Seco...

iran in recent decades with the steep fall in fertility is facing a demographic issue. according to the movement of iranian society towards modernity as a result of lifestyle changes, the big question raised in the present research is that ”what lifestyle changes can affect reproductive attitudes of activists?” this study was designed aiming at investigating the attitudes toward childbearing, w...

for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra), focuses on future international policies in the area of climate change. Carried out by a consortium of universities, think tanks and non-governmental organisations in Europe, India and the US, the main aim of the programme is directed towards the use of economic incentives and instruments in the implementation of climate policies, and towards the d...