air pollution is one of the major issues is the use of fossil fuels. air pollution in different ways harmful effects of long-term, short-term, devastating and sometimes irreversible in humans, animals and plants life. air pollution leads to increased heart disease, breathing, decreased vision, warming, acidification, etc. one of the problems of air pollution. air pollution threatens the surviva...

This study intends to provide an empirical answer to the question of whether Maastricht and SGP fiscal rules have affected growth of European Union countries. A growth equation augmented with fiscal variables and controlling for the period in which fiscal rules were implemented in Europe is estimated over a panel of 15 EU countries (and 8 OECD countries) for the period 1970-2005 with the purpos...

The estimation of a linear equation from panel data with measurement errors is considered. The equation is estimated (I) by methods operating on the equation in differenced period means, and (II) by Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) procedures using (a) the equation in differences with instruments in levels and (b) the equation in levels with instruments in differences. Both difference transf...

Physicians are key personnel in a sector which is important due to its size as well as the quality of service it provides. We estimate the labor supply of physicians employed at hospitals in Norway, using personnel register data merged with other public records. A dynamic labor supply equation is estimated using a sample of 1303 male physicians observed over the period 1993-1997. The methods of...

In this paper we derive a test statistic generating equation (TSGE) from which several statistics suitable for testing parametric restrictions in models estimated by the generalized method of moments (GMM) may be obtained. This statistic presents three main features: it is valid for producing statistics appropriate for testing constraints expressed in very general forms, which may involve not o...