Preschool children typically do not learn words from ignorant or unreliable speakers. Here, we examined the mechanism by which these learning failures occur by modifying the comprehension test procedure that measures word learning. Following lexical training by a knowledgeable or ignorant speaker, 48 preschool-aged children were asked either a standard comprehension test question (i.e., "Which ...

In this research, I tried to follow the journey of pre -Islamic poets, by reading examples their poems, and revealed controversies conflicting life in human self, conflict reflected a scene scenes between death, poets embodied principle survival strongest, while The parties are all trying defend survival, as well desire prove strength permanence.

An important use of machine learning is to learn what people value. What posts or photos should a user be shown? Which jobs or activities would a person find rewarding? In each case, observations of people’s past choices can inform our inferences about their likes and preferences. If we assume that choices are approximately optimal according to some utility function, we can treat preference inf...

Being able to evaluate the accuracy of an informant is essential to communication. Three experiments explored preschoolers' (N=119) understanding that, in cases of conflict, information from reliable informants is preferable to information from unreliable informants. In Experiment 1, children were presented with previously accurate and inaccurate informants who presented conflicting names for n...

Although there is much to commend in Sarch's Criminally Ignorant: Why the Law Pretends We Know What Don't, this piece, I invite Sarch expand on his analysis by considering how English doctrine diverges from US he takes as foundational, and raise some doubts putting pressure theory of culpability that motivates views ignorance supplies culpability. In particular, (a) question defence a motive-in...

Some philosophers contend that concomitant ignorance preserves moral responsibility for wrongdoing. An agent is concomitantly ignorant with respect to wrongdoing if and only her non-culpable, but she would freely have performed the same action were not ignorant. I, however, argue excuses. I show leading accounts of imply excuses, debunk view responsibility.