Genetic exchange by recombination, or reassortment of genomic segments, has been shown to be an important process in RNA virus evolution, resulting often in important phenotypic changes affecting host range and virulence. However, data from numerous systems indicate that reassortant or recombinant genotypes could be selected against in virus populations and suggest that there is coadaptation am...

extended abstract introduction water resources management in arid and semi-arid areas is very important to provide of water for stakeholders. in recent decades, construction of underground dams have been considered, because of its advantages. these dams have many advantages, e.g., unlike a surface dam, land is not submerged to store water and there is no danger of breaching due to natural or ma...

Increased summer ice velocities on the Greenland ice sheet are driven by meltwater input to the subglacial environment. However, spatial patterns of surface input and partitioning of meltwater between different pathways to the base remain poorly understood. To further our understanding of surface drainage, we apply a supraglacial hydrology model to the Paakitsoq region, West Greenland for three...

The cadastral system provides land ownership information by registering and representing land boundaries on a map. The current cadastral system in Korea, however, focuses mainly on the management of 2D land-surface boundaries. It is not yet possible to provide efficient or reliable land administration, as this 2D system cannot support or manage land information on 3D properties (including archi...

We adopted a weight of evidence approach to establish causal analysis an impaired land ecosystem on regional scale; namely, Daye, traditional mining city in China. Working processes, including problem statements, list candidate causes, and conceptual model were developed represent hypothesis for describing degradation. Causal criteria applied integrate multiple lines evidence. Then, various pie...