BACKGROUND Different approaches have been developed for measuring change. Direct measurement of change (transition ratings) requires asking a patient directly about his judgment about the change he has experienced (reported change). With indirect measures of change, the patients' status is assessed at different time points and differences between them are calculated (measured change). When usin...

The assessment of therapeutic compliance is commonly done by either indirect method or direct method. In indirect method, the assessments are done by indirect measurement of parameters such as discussion with patients and pill counts at intervals during the treatment which don’t measure the drug concentration in a matrix such as blood or urine. In direct method, the assessments which rely upon ...

Evolutionary anthropologists have proposed that unilineal kinship promotes collective action and that patriliny occurs when the reproductive payoff from passing wealth to sons is greater than that for daughters. We assess both of these theoretical perspectives as well as indirect reciprocity and kin selection as possible contributors to patrilineal cooperation in the Dogon of Mali. The mean coe...

BACKGROUND Methods to calculate energy expenditure (EE) based on CO2 measurements (EEVCO2) have been proposed as a surrogate to indirect calorimetry. This study aimed at evaluating whether EEVCO2 could be considered as an alternative to EE measured by indirect calorimetry. METHODS Indirect calorimetry measurements conducted for clinical purposes on 278 mechanically ventilated ICU patients wer...

The most recent measurements of the top quark mass at the DØ experiment are summarized. Different techniques and final states are used and the top quark mass is determined to be mtop = 172.8 ± 1.6(stat + syst)GeV/c . In addition, a new, indirect measurement comparing the measured cross section to theoretical calculations is discussed. Both, the direct and the indirect measurement of the top qua...

K. Kostúr, TU Košice, BERG Faculty, Košice, Slovakia The contribution deals with a possibility of increasing quality production and decreasing costs in annealing furnaces by process check of annealing temperatures. The lowest temperature of annealed coiled sheets is very important. The information about this inner temperature is unknown during annealing. It is possible to obtain this informatio...