• indemnities against claims of intellectual property infringement from third parties • requirements of consumer protection and antitrust legislation • obligations to redistribute source, and when they arise • enforceability of free software licences • layering and combining of licences • dual-licensing • licence incompatibility • software patent liability • contemporary developments in softwar...

Recent global developments in the regulation of trade and intellectual property rights threaten to hinder the access of populations in developing countries to essential drugs. The authors argue for state intervention in the health and pharmaceutical markets in order to guarantee equitable access to these products.

This paper presents a panel study of yield developments in the eight main crops over the period from 1961 to 1999 and shows that for most crops, there is absolute convergence to developed-country levels over that time period. Where convergence fails to occur, this can be explained by the exceptionally low rate of diffusion of innovations from developed to developing countries for some crops. We...

Since the late 1980s, the Chinese economy has been growing at an enviable average annual rate of about ten per cent. Accompanying this unprecedented economic development and growth was the maturation of the modern Chinese intellectual property system. In the 1980s, China introduced its first modern copyright, patent, and trademark laws. A decade later, China revamped its intellectual property s...

in the past and before granting the inventors and owners of intellectual property rights special exclusive rights and privileges under the patent laws, the protection of intellectual property rights was possible only through a legal regime which could help to keep the know how and innovation secret. this regime, in which contractual terms are often used to keep the innovation secret, is called ...

Scientific research and practice in multiagent systems focuses on constructing computational frameworks, principles, and models for how both small and large societies of intelligent, semi-autonomous agents can interact effectively to achieve their goals. This article provides a personal view of the key application areas for cooperative multiagent systems, the major intellectual problems in buil...

This review article focuses on the interaction among certain scientific, legal, and regulatory aspects of pharmaceutical crystal forms. The article offers an analysis of pharmaceutical cocrystals as patentable inventions by drawing upon recent scientific developments in the field. Several potential commercial advantages of pharmaceutical cocrystals are highlighted, and a number of recent court ...

Infectious diseases have been a prime testing ground for ecological theory. However, the ecological perspective is increasingly recognized as essential in epidemiology. Long-term, spatially resolved reliable data on disease incidence and the ability to test them using mechanistic models have been critical in this cross-fertilization. Here, we review some of the key intellectual developments in ...