Tax reforms in the US in the mid-1980s reduced the relative tax cost of equity and internal finance to debt by 30%, from a large reduction in the statutory rate. This paper finds evidence that for innovative firms this lead to a decrease in ordinary investment and an increase in innovative investment, while controlling for other variation in the prices of ordinary and R&D investment. This sugge...

The Court of Justice the European Union (CJEU) faces a growing backlog cases and delays in administering justice. Identifying factors that prolong resolution is critical for designing successful institutional reforms. In this article, we use Bayesian model to identify characteristics cases, judges, Court's internal procedures affect duration cases. Then, run computational simulations our estima...

http://www.eipa.nl Abstract Over the past five years, the European Commission has undergone what are probably the most significant reforms since its inception. The article provides a brief review and assessment of these administrative reforms, before looking at the political changes and challenges arising from the processes of constitutionalisation and enlargement. The entry of ten new Member S...

Increased patient choice and competition are well renowned reform strategies in European Healthcare systems. Despite some debate, these strategies are generally felt to improve efficacy and quality of healthcare. The National Health Service (NHS), England’s publicly funded healthcare system, is similarly undergoing significant government reforms as a result of substantial increases in health ca...

Market-oriented health care reforms have been implemented in the tax-financed Swedish health care system from 1990 to 2013. The first phase of these reforms was the introduction of new public management systems, where public health centers and public hospitals were to act as private firms in an internal health care market. A second phase saw an increase of tax-financed private for-profit provid...

This issue features 2 position papers on reforming internal medicine residency education (1, 2), 1 from the American College of Physicians (ACP) and 1 from the Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine (APDIM). Both acknowledge aspects of internal medicine practice—reimbursement, lifestyle, autonomy, managed care hassles, the burden of chronic illness—that contribute to low residenc...