although liability under general tort and contract law principles is not limited to a certain amount, liability arising under a carriage contract is limited by the majority of international transport conventions and national legislatures and, there are certain reasons given to justify the “essential departure from the current rules of civil law” and it is common for the liability of the carrier...

in maritime transport law deck carriage is an important issue. whether a carrier is or is not allowed to carry goods on deck is a question that must be answered in each case and according to international rules and conventions (such as hague rules, hamburg and rotterdam conventions) and domestic laws and regulations (including maritime law of iran) governing the carriage as well as the type and...

Public health instruments have been under constant development and renewal for decades. International legal instruments, with their binding character and strength, have a special place in this development. The start of the 21st century saw, in particular, the birth of the first World Health Organization (WHO)-era health treaties – the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and i...

the international criminal court , which is part of the fourth generation of the criminal courts, plays a prominent role in the institutionalization of international humanitarian law (ihl). hence, it was expected that negotiators utilized from previous criminal tribunals experiences and they terminated in the distinctions between gross breaches of international humanitarian law. it was expected...