Aggregator-activated demand response (DR) is widely recognised as a viable means for increasing the flexibility of renewable and sustainable energy systems (RSESs) necessary to accommodate high penetration variable renewables. To this end, by acting DR aggregators offering trading capabilities smaller customers, retailers unlock additional sources demand-side ensure cost-optimal operation RSESs...

We consider interruptible electricity contracts issued by an electricity retailer that allow for interruptions to electric service in exchange for either an overall reduction in the price of electricity delivered or for financial compensation at the time of interruption. We provide an equilibrium model to determine electricity prices based on stochastic models of supply and demand. In the conte...

INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 249 I. BACKGROUND ................................................................................. 251 A. History of Regulation of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.... 251 B. Secondary Markets and Interruptible Leasing ..................... 254 II. DEFINITION................................................

Reliable and efficient operation of deregulated electricity markets requires supply and demand elasticity. This paper presents incentive control of spinning reserves in electricity multi-markets using game theory. Interruptible load contracts (ILC) could reduce the amount of spinning reserve requirements during system contingencies such as transmission congestion. It is shown that the power uti...

We consider interruptible electricity contracts issued by a distributor of electricity, that allow for interruptions to electric service in exchange for either an overall reduction in the price of electricity delivered, or for financial compensation at the time of interruption. We provide an equilibrium model to determine electricity prices, based on stochastic models of supply and demand. In t...

This paper addresses the problem of building an interruptible real-time system using contract algorithms. Contract algorithms offer a tradeoff between computation time and quality of results, but their run-time must be determined when they are activated. Many AI techniques provide useful contract algorithms that are not interruptible. We show how to optimally sequence contract algorithms to cre...

The planning and operational issues of distribution systems have attracted more and more attentions from researchers with the development of Smart Grids. A new integrated planning model of distribution systems and the solution methods are proposed in this paper to investigate the way of improving the economy and reliability of distribution system planning by making full use of distributed gener...