This article is a review of the history of the string galvanometer and of the electrocardiogram (ECG) on the occasion of the centennial of the instrument. Einthoven most likely developed the string galvanometer prior to 1901, the date of the first publication. The galvanometer made electrocardiography practical creating a new branch of medicine and even a new industry. In 1791 Galvani, in 1842 ...

that natural selection should favor the ability of animals to modify the sex ratio of their offspring whenever the net fi tness benefi ts of producing sons or daughters vary as a function of parental condition. For example, when males compete strongly for females and have greater variance in reproductive success than females, parents in good condition should invest more in sons. Parents in poor...

COHEN[1] ascribes a statement to TOMES to the effect that the interglobular spaces are caused by an imperfect calcification of dentin. In 1850, CZERMAK[2] of Germany coined the term Interglobularraume and, later on, these interglobular spaces were assumed or interpreted by KOLLIKER[3], MCQUILLEN[4] and KOLLMANN[5] to be that portion of hypocalcified area occured by an imperfect union of calcosp...

Stimulation of the nucleus magnocellularis (NMC) of the medulla produces changes in locomotion, muscle tone, heart rate, and blood pressure. Glutamatergic input has been found to modulate muscle tone, whereas cholinergic input has been found to mediate cardiovascular changes produced by stimulation of the NMC. The current study was designed to identify the brainstem afferents to NMC by using re...

THE gregarines of Gammarus pulex L. have long been known, in fact they were some of the earliest of these Sporozoa to be observed (Text-figs. 1-3). However,.so far, no adequate description has been given of the gametes and spores which are the most important stages from the systematic point of view. Lady Muriel Percy, who worked in this Department from 1925 to 1929, helped in the investigation ...

Many introduced marine organisms are ecological and economic pests. Nevertheless, no management approach is available to mitigate their impacts. Now, a theoretical perspective borrows principles from classical biological control, as widely applied to terrestrial and fresh water systems, to control the abundance of introduced marine pests. A banner example of a marine pest is the European green ...

KEY POINTS Cardiac vagal tone is a strong predictor of health, although its central origins are unknown. Respiratory-linked fluctuations in cardiac vagal tone give rise to respiratory sinus arryhthmia (RSA), with maximum tone in the post-inspiratory phase of respiration. In the present study, we investigated whether respiratory modulation of cardiac vagal tone is intrinsically linked to post-in...

Cajal in 1889 described a network of anastomosing interstitial cells in the gut muscle coat and hypothesized that they were accessory primitive neurons exerting a direct regulatory effect on smooth muscle contraction. Reticularists (among them Golgi) sustained that this net was not an assembly of individual cells but a true syncytium and the foremost dissidents, such as Kolliker and Dogiel, dec...

techniques. Instead he emphasizes theoretical aspects of diverse views of the cell, and provides an exposition of the views of major contributors to the debate on structural units following Dutrochet. There are accounts of the ideas of Raspail, Muller, Schwann, Remak, and Kolliker as well as Virchow. Duchesneau traces a shift from an anti-vitalistic programme to Muller's emphasis on the living ...

This is the first of three papers on the application of enzyme histochemical techniques to the study of developing and diseased muscle. This paper will deal with developing muscle in various laboratory animals, the second with developing human muscle, and the third with hereditary neurogenic atrophies in infancy and childhood. In 1678 Stefano Lorenzini had already observed that animal muscle co...