OBJECTIVE To describe expectant women's experiences with the onset of preterm labor. DESIGN Qualitative, using grounded theory methods. SETTING Southwestern tertiary women's hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirty pregnant women who were less than 35 weeks gestation, had experienced preterm labor within the past 7 days, and had no previous experience with preterm labor. DATA SOURCE Taped and tran...

Labor is direct input of human work always accounted for as being a foreground input. Direct labor is accounted for as working hours or years applied and the quality of the worker (unskilled, trained, educated, etc) using Unit Emergy Values for labor based on level of training and education (seJ/person/time). In practice, however, the emergy value of direct labor is computed through the money p...

this paper examines the lewis theory of structural change in iran in the period 1974-2005. where labor productivity growth and the intensive use of labor occurs via reallocation of labor between sectors or spillovers in the production from the manufacturing or service sectors to agriculture resulting to convergence. assessing whether productivity gap is reducing or increasing, takes us to the n...

The literature on labor utilization and non wage labor costs is extended to incorporate recent approaches to macroeconomic disequilibrium modeling based on the "smoothing by aggregation" principle. This leads to a reformulation of the basic Sneessens-Dreze type model by treating employment and working hours as separate inputs. The inclusion of non wage labor costs serves a double purpose: first...

South Asian labor market has undergone changes brought in by the forces of liberalization. Liberal free trade has changed the structure of industrial priority from import competing to export industries. This has implied fragmentation and relocation of industries in the value added chains. Production has been stretched across the globe and unskilled labor and skilled labor are being thrown to fo...

to the extent that a society is to work, there exist a need for a cooperative process, including weber’s and merton’s note of common means and goals. but at the same time, there exist no societal process without involving conflict; (conflict in a dynamic and dialectical sense.) dealing with this problematic situation the emergence of “division of labor”, as a compulsive social differentiation, ...

background: this study aimed to calculate the child labor rate and establish the factors affecting this phenomenon in the less developed provinces of iran. methods: this study has used the secondary data of population and housing census gathered by iranian statistical center in 2011. the data belonged to 14859 children between 10 and 14 of 9 less developed provinces of iran. a multiple regressi...

Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa has been characterized by deindustrialization. Conventional economists argue that this is due to a bad environment for business decision making. This paper provides a classical explanation for deindustrialization, the failure to solve the food problem. That is, food staple prices have risen rapidly resulting in labor becoming costly, although physically abu...