Background: The dispersed phase volume fraction plays key role in oil-in-water emulsion stability by different mechanisms like partial flocculation, depletion flocculation and bridging flocculation. Since the mentioned mechanism is affected by emulsifier concentration presented in system, the major aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dispersed phase volume fraction on physical st...

We report on the ultrahigh long-term dimensional stability of a crystalline cryogenic optical resonator (CORE) cooled to liquid-helium temperature. The frequency of a Nd:YAG laser stabilized to a CORE was compared over long times with an independent laser system, a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser stabilized to a hyperfine line of molecular iodine at 532 nm. Over a 6-month period the drift was le...

The saturation spectrum of the P(84) 5-5 transition of 127I2 at 657.483 nm is obtained with the third-harmonic demodulation method using an external cavity diode laser. The laser frequency is modulated by modulating the diode current instead of modulating the cavity length with a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Current modulation allows a modulation frequency that is higher than PZT modulation....

A power scalable thulium-doped fiber-amplifier-based supercontinuum (SC) laser covering the shortwave infrared region from 2 to 2.5 μm is demonstrated. The SC laser has an average power up to 25.7 W and a spectral density of >12 dBm/nm. Power scalability of the laser is proven by showing that the SC laser maintains a nearly constant spectral output, beam quality (M(2) measurements), and output ...

A number of planned space interferometry missions, including the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) gravitational wave detector, require a laser system with high-frequency stability over long time scales. A 1064 nm wavelength nonplanar ring oscillator (NPRO) laser stabilized to a resonant transition in molecular iodine is suitable for these missions, providing high-frequency stability at...

Simultaneous frequency and amplitude stabilization of a commercial internal-mirror He-Ne laser by a new simple method is reported. In this method, the back beam intensity of one polarization of the orthogonally polarized modes is fed back as a heater current to control the cavity length of the laser. The relative frequency stability and amplitude stability achieved are, respectively, +2.5 X 10-...

We stabilized the frequency of a compact planar-waveguide external cavity laser (ECL) on a Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) through a Pound-Drever-Hall scheme. The residual frequency stability of the ECL is 10(-14), comparable to the stability achievable with a fiber laser (FL) locked to an FPC through the same scheme. We set up an optical link of 100 km, based on fiber spools, that reaches 10(-19) rel...

High-power, ultrashort laser pulses have been shown to generate quasi-monoenergetic electron beams from underdense plasmas. Several groups have reported generating high-energy electron beams using either supersonic nozzles or a capillary based system to guide the laser pulse. While, significant progress has been achieved in the last several years, many issues still remain, with respect to point...