one of the inhuman conducts which may be used in order to take confession from the accused or information from others is torture which has been forbidden and criminalized in the islamic and iranian criminal law. in addition, there are certain international and regional instruments which recommend or require the countries to take appropriate measures in their domestic laws to combat torture. rec...

South Africa has recently enacted several e-legislation in order to address the escalating e-crime, the rise in electronic abuse and also the indifferences of the past. However, research shows that many organisations including public institutions do not understand these laws and thus, fail to comply with them. One major contributor to this are the inconsistencies found in the legislation. The N...

William Howard taft (1857-1930) said: “The world is not going to be saved by legislation” (taft, 1916). laws or guidance? Is it a choice or a result of the society, its cultures and traditions? europe has a long tradition of legislation. eU legislation was and is considered part of a means to keep the peace, build europe after the wars, and bring prosperity to its citizens. later, it served als...

Except for some U.S. states and localities, gay men and lesbians are largely unprotected from employment discrimination. In debate over national legislation (Employment Non-Discrimination Act), some legislators have questioned the efficacy of antidiscrimination legislation. To address this issue, we conducted three studies. In Study 1, we documented public awareness of sexual orientation employ...

Latin America is at the forefront of global progress in smoke free workplaces. Comprehensive smoke free laws have been implemented in four countries, and in many cities, states and provinces. More than 130 million people in Latin America are now protected from secondhand tobacco smoke. Nevertheless, a survey of tobacco control advocates and governments in Latin America found several challenges ...

State laws provide a variety of means to protect children from self-inflicted or parentally-inflicted harm. In recent years, the Supreme Court has imposed stringent procedural requirements on juvenile delinquency laws. In the past year, however, the Court has refused to extend these procedural stringencies to analogous child-protective state laws. This article explores generally the rationale f...