the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

medical ethics is a realm where four important subjects of philosophy, medicine, theology and law are covered. physicians and philosophers cooperation in this area will have great efficiency in the respective ethical rules formation. in addition to respect the autonomy of the patient, physician's obligation is to ensure that the medical intervention has benefit for the patient and the harm is m...

Unsolicited commercial communications now represent more than fifty per cent of the e-mail traffic in the European Union and around the world. This paper is about the legal EU approach to such an issue. Through the analysis of the evolution of the legislative framework, it aims to define, under a legal perspective, what spam is, to explain why the opt-in choice has been adopted by the EU, and t...

As a consequence of the European integration process, EU member states increasingly have to cooperate with foreign authorities, for instance to serve a claim, to execute a judgment or to arrest a suspect. These procedures necessitate firstly the knowledge of the respective parts of the foreign law and secondly communication with the authorities involved in the given case. The large number of di...

Croatian membership in the EU is subject to the fulfilment of the legal and political obligations laid down in, among other places, the SAA, the Stability and Association Agreement. The implementation of the SAA depends on the definition of its position in the constitutional system of the Republic of Croatia, including the ability for its provisions to be directly applied in EU and in Croatian ...

This paper investigates the application of text similarity techniques to automatically detect the transposition of European Union (EU) directives into the national law. Currently, the European Commission (EC) resorts to time consuming and expensive manual methods like conformity checking studies and legal analysis for identifying national transposition measures. We utilize both lexical and sema...

Access to legal documents has been hampered by the lack of attention for specific user groups accessing such documents. In this article, we focus on one of these user groups (legal professionals), who can benefit from specific types of cross-lingual information retrieval for, e.g., comparative law research. We propose to use legal definitions as anchor points in legal documents. Through the bod...