Despite the pervasiveness of patent licensing in many industries, there is a dearth publicly available information on transactions. Notably, price—i.e., royalty agreed upon by licensor and licensee—is purposefully kept secret. We assess to what extent “market prices” licenses are observable assembling all amounts associated with 4G 5G standard essential patents (SEPs). Our data come from range ...

Open sourcing modelling tools and generators becomes more and more important as open source software as a whole becomes more important. We evaluate the impact open source licenses of code generators have on the intellectual property (IP) of generated artifacts comparing the most common open source licenses by categories found in literature. Restrictively licensed generators do have effects on t...

The open source software principles progressively give rise to new initiatives for culture (free culture), data (open data) or hardware (open hardware). The open hardware is experiencing a significant growth but the business models and legal aspects are not well known. This paper is dedicated to the economics of open hardware. We define the open hardware concept and determine intellectual prope...