An All-Optical Multicast Heuristic (AOMH) method is proposed to perform all-optical multicasting on WDM networks, AOMH first divides the members of a multicast group into MCG (multicast-capable group) and MIG (multicast-incapable group). If MCG is empty or the fanout constraints are not satisfied, AOMH will add some Proxy MC (PMC) nodes in MCG to satisfy the constraints. Then the multicast tree...

BACKGROUND Both the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) have MIC clinical breakpoints (CBPs) for fluconazole (FLU) and Candida. EUCAST CBPs are species-specific, and apply only to C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, while CLSI CBPs apply to all species. We reassessed the CLSI CBPs for FLU and ...

Levonorgestrel (LNg) is known for its marked progestational/contraceptive activity. As shown in animal experiments, however, high doses of LNg are required to elicit an androgenic response; in contrast, considerably lower doses of LNg are required for antiovulatory (contraceptive) action. Thus, a large dose separation exists between androgenic and contraceptive activity. When LNg is combined wi...

Legionella pneumophila is an important human pathogen causing Legionnaires' disease. In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to study the characteristics and population structure of L. pneumophila strains. We sequenced and compared 53 isolates of L. pneumophila covering different serogroups and sequence-based typing (SBT) types (STs). We found that 1,896 single-copy orthologous ge...

Previous studies have shown that mast cell granules (MCG) inhibit numerous macrophage functions including tumour cytotoxicity, superoxide and nitric oxide (NO) production, and FCgamma2a receptor-mediated phagocytosis. In this study, the effect of MCG on macrophage TNF alpha and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, and the production and fate of TNF alpha were examined. Upon activation ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the distribution of folic acid intake and the safety of different doses of supplements in women of childbearing age. METHODS Data were used from two non-consecutive days of food records of 6,837 women of childbearing age (19-40 years old) participants of the National Food Survey, a module of the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009. Means and percentiles of usual consumptio...

A 29-year-old female patient attended the clinic for a painless, mobile tumor in the left posterolateral cervical region. there were no associated clinical signs or personal or family history. the patient provided a computed tomography scan (ct) of the neck showing a 4 x 3 x 3 cm lesion lateral to the cervical vessels sparing the fat plane. there was contrast uptake, and the lesion had a homoge...