Grammar teaching has been a topic of debate for considerably long time. Researchers and teachers discussed the benefits shortcomings its explicit instruction, which entails students’ awareness metalanguage. Although much research investigated metalanguage, effect on improving grammatical accuracy is still an unresolved issue, concerning it relatively limited. Nevertheless, widely recognised tha...

The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) Approach claims that there are some universalities in all languages. Speech acts seem to be present in all languages, but considering this approach, research has not indicated whether request speech act differs from one language to another. Thus, this study intended to investigate whether request strategies are used differently in English and Persian roma...

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The manipulation of CLP(<) programs in CLP(<) is severely limited, since equality for this language is not based on the syntactic structure of terms. We propose an extended language, CLP(< + M), which provides a basis for (a) coding terms in a form which allows arbitrary structural manipulation, and (b) converting between terms and their coded forms. Importantly, CLP(<+ M) may not only be used ...

This paper investigates a methodology of using FM (FraenkelMostowski) sets, and the ideas of nominal set theory, to adjoin name generation to a semantic theory. By developing a domain theory for concurrency within FM sets the domain theory inherits types and operations for name generation, essentially without disturbing its original higherorder features. The original domain theory had a metalan...

We introduce the arrow calculus, a metalanguage for manipulating Hughes’s arrows with close relations both to Moggi’s metalanguage for monads and to Paterson’s arrow notation. Arrows are classically defined by extending lambda calculus with three constructs satisfying nine (somewhat idiosyncratic) laws; in contrast, the arrow calculus adds four constructs satisfying five laws (which fit two wel...