If you really want to be smarter, reading can be one of the lots ways to evoke and realize. Many people who like reading will have more knowledge and experiences. Reading can be a way to gain information from economics, politics, science, fiction, literature, religion, and many others. As one of the part of book categories, the vienna development method the meta language always becomes the most...

This paper examines the role of the method engineer in the context of multi-perspective software development. Such development is characterized by the existence of multiple development participants who hold multiple views on a system and its domain. These views may be described and developed using multiple representation schemes and development strategies respectively. The paper outlines the Vi...

The original de nition of re nement proof obligations in VDM is reviewed and examples are discussed which while being in tuitively sensible pose problems for this de nition of re nement An extended VDM re nement relation is introduced to cope with the prob lems Some non standard applications of the extended re nement proof obligations are discussed

The read and write frames of reference variables used in the VDM style of operation decomposition serve two purposes. Syntactically, they bind the variables that occur in the predicates of the operation speciication; and semantically, they record what access to the state an implementation can be allowed to make. This paper examines the use of frames in these two roles, in particular considering...

The problem of selecting a good candidate method is a big issue in situational method engineering. We believe that the solution to this can be found not in the structure of a method itself but in the work to be done, the task to be performed by the method. We propose a method development life cycle with requirements, design and construction engineering stages. For the first, we propose the noti...

The County of Khorram-Abad enjoys a high potential for ecotourism because of its mountains, forests, natural mineral springs, natural waterfalls and diversity in folks and cultures. But, un-planned and uncontrolled ecotourism can have negative effects on environment, economy, culture and even the security of eco-tourists. The main purpose of this study is to present a fuzzy multi-criteria decis...

Accurate estimating is one of the most important activities in the field of software project management. Different aspects of software projects must be estimated among which time and effort are of significant importance to efficient project planning. Due to complexity of software projects and lack of information at the early stages of project, reliable effort estimation is a challenging issue. ...