Current research suggests that vehicle emission rates are highly correlated with modal vehicle activity and that specific instances of load-induced enrichment may contribute a disproportionate share of motor vehicle emissions. Consequently, researchers have been developing a variety of modal modeling approaches to transportation-related air quality modeling. Modal models predict emissions as a ...

  Objective (s): Scar formation in injured peripheral nerve bed causes several consequences which impede the process of nerve regeneration. Several animal models are used for scar induction in preclinical studies which target prevention and/or suppression of perineural scar. This study evaluates the translational capacity of four of physical injury models to induce scar formation aro...

To monitor air pollution on roads in urban areas, it is necessary to accurately estimate emissions from vehicles. For this purpose, vehicle emission estimation models have been developed. Vehicle are categorized into macroscopic and microscopic models. While the calculation simple, utilize average speed of vehicles without accounting for acceleration deceleration individual Therefore, limitatio...

Many physical systems are comprised of several discrete elements, the equations of motion of each element being known. If the system has a large number of degrees of freedom, it may be possible to treat it as a continuous system. In this event, one might wish to derive the equations of motion of the continuous (macroscopic) system by taking a suitable limit of the equations governing the discre...