Introduction: Morphine withdrawal syndrome is mediated via several central and peripheral neurological pathways. In the present study we investigated the role of N-methyl-D aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamate receptor on naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome in morphine-conditioned mice. Materials and Methods: We designed two separate experiments. In experiment one, 30 male NMRI mice were divide...

Previous pharmacological studies have implicated serotonergic brain systems in opiate withdrawal. To test the hypothesis that serotonin (5-HT) has a critical role in the development of opiate withdrawal, we have employed a near-total brain 5-HT system lesion technique (90% depletion) using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine combined with induction of opiate dependence by implantation of morphine pellets o...

Introduction: It has been shown that orexin peptides have a role in opioid withdrawal behaviors. Orexin-expressing neurons that are present in the hypothalamic nuclei send dense projections to the Locus Coeruleus (LC). Withdrawal syndrome is temporally associated with hyperactivity of LC neurons. However, LC neurons do not show withdrawalinduced hyperactivity in the brain slices from morphin...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ketamine and midazolam on preventing the development of morphine tolerance and dependence and withdrawal syndrome in mice. In the present study different groups of mice were received morphine (50 mg/kg, s.c.), morphine (50 mg/kg, s.c.) + ketamine (25, 50, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) , morphine (50 mg/kg , s.c.) + midazolam (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) , mor...

Norharman (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and ibogaine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated naloxone (4 mg/kg, i.p.)-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. Several withdrawal signs, such as teeth-chattering, chewing, penile licking and diarrhoea, were decreased by both norharman and ibogaine. In addition, norharman reduced also the withdrawal grooming and rearing. It is concluded th...

BACKGROUND Glycogen-synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is involved in many signaling pathways and is associated with a host of high-profile pathophysiological states. However, its role in morphine tolerance, especially naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome, has not been well investigated. The present study was undertaken to study the role of GSK3 in chronic morphine exposure. METHODS Adult male Spr...

It has been suggested that an increase firing rate of noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus is responsible for the opiate withdrawal syndrome. However, lesion studies have indicated that the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus are not essential for either the expression or suppression by clonidine of opiate withdrawal. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the ...

Objective(s): Evaluation of the Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides seed effects on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice and determination of the alkaloid composition of the seed total extract. Materials and Methods:The effects of the seed total extract, alkaloid fraction and major compound matrine on the mice morphine withdrawal syndrome were compared to saline and methadone.Mice were ma...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ketamine and midazolam on preventing the development of morphine tolerance and dependence and withdrawal syndrome in mice. In the present study different groups of mice were received morphine (50 mg/kg, s.c.), morphine (50 mg/kg, s.c.) + ketamine (25, 50, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) , morphine (50 mg/kg , s.c.) + midazolam (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) , mor...

Introduction: Some studies indicate changes in the level of thyroid hormones in addicted people. Also, there are some reports concerning the modulation of hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid axis in the context of morphine addiction. In the present study, the effects of thyroid gland activation via the acute and chronic administration of levothyroxine on morphine withdrawal syndrome were investi...