The current understanding of antigenic escape dynamics is based on models with single epitopes. The usual idea is that a mutation which enables a pathogen (virus, bacteria, etc) to escape from a given immune response confers a selective advantage. The "escape mutant" may then increase in abundance until it induces a new specific response against itself. In this paper a new picture is developed,...

Recent studies have revealed that noxious visceral inputs travel in the dorsal column pathway, and interactions between colorectal noxious and tactile inputs occur in the ventrobasal thalamus. This investigation was to test whether the somatovisceral interactions also take place in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN). Forty-five single DCN neurons of anesthetized rats responsive to colorectal disten...

background: numerous evidences indicate that in some hiv-1 positive patients, the humoral and cellular immune responses are induced against hiv-1 proteins and this is inversely related to the progress of infection. objective: the aim of this study was the evaluation of the adenovectors containing hiv genes in induction of immune responses in mice. methods: the hiv-1 genes including gag p24, rev...