The paper proposes TOPSIS method for solving multi-objective multi-level programming 13 problem (MO-MLPP) with fuzzy parameters via fuzzy goal programming (FGP). At first, λ cut 14 method is used to transform the fuzzily described MO-MLPP into deterministic MO-MLPP. Then, 15 for specific λ , we construct the membership functions of distance functions from positive ideal 16 solution (PIS) and ne...

OBJECTIVES Despite increasing availability of global positioning system (GPS), no research has been conducted to analyze GPS data for exposure opportunities associated with time at indoor and outdoor microenvironments. We developed location-based and time-weighted spatial measures that incorporate indoor and outdoor time-location data collected by GPS. METHODS Time-location data were drawn fr...

Standard deviational ellipse (SDE) has long served as a versatile GIS tool for delineating the geographic distribution of concerned features. This paper firstly summarizes two existing models of calculating SDE, and then proposes a novel approach to constructing the same SDE based on spectral decomposition of the sample covariance, by which the SDE concept is naturally generalized into higher d...

Traditionally, static units of analysis such as administrative units are used when studying obesity. However, using these fixed contextual units ignores environmental influences experienced by individuals in areas beyond their residential neighborhood and may render the results unreliable. This problem has been articulated as the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP). This study investig...

This article addresses a special class of non-linear programming problems, viz., linear fractional problems having multiple objectives. In solving the real-life optimization ambiguity and hesitation in decision are inherent ever-present, therefore, it is perfectly viable to formulate solve these models using intuitionistic fuzzy environment. The purpose this study propose simple computationally...