Four experiments show that gender diVerences in the propensity to initiate negotiations may be explained by diVerential treatment of men and women when they attempt to negotiate. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants evaluated written accounts of candidates who did or did not initiate negotiations for higher compensation. Evaluators penalized female candidates more than male candidates for initi...

Abstract How successful are sanctions at targeting the economic interests of political elites in affected countries? We study case Iran, using information on stock exchange-listed assets two specific entities with significant influence over direction Iran’s nuclear programme. Our identification strategy focuses process negotiations for removal, examining which benefit most from news about diplo...

European Union (EU) treaties have introduced legal frameworks for differentiated integration in foreign and security policy, but they rarely been used. Instead, member states engaged informal practices of cooperation. Based on an analysis effectiveness, accountability legitimacy cooperation the Western Balkans, Middle East Peace Process, negotiations Iran’s nuclear programme Ukraine crisis, we ...

The geopolitics, geostrategic and geo-economics position of the Persian Gulf causes this region to be the subject of attention of the ultra-regional powers. This subject became more important by the invention of fire weapons after Renaissance and the promotion of the colonic view in Europe. Spanish and British men besides the Portuguese that is America, Russia, china and European union all have...

Combined Negotiations are a novel and general type of negotiation, in which the user is interested in many goods or services and consequently engages in many negotiations at the same time. The negotiations are independent of each other, whereas the goods or services are typically interdependent. Using currently available technology for electronic negotiations, the user conducts each negotiation...

Reverse auctions and negotiations are two common procurement mechanisms. The drawback of many auctions is their sole focus on price. The drawback of negotiations is that they are sequential, slow and costly. Internet enables multi-attribute auctions and multi-bilateral multi-attribute negotiations efficiently. In both processes concession-making plays a key role. The paper presents typology of ...