Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been applied to a growing number of psychiatric disorders as a neurophysiological probe, a primary brain-mapping tool and a candidate treatment. Although most investigations have focused on the treatment of major depression, increasing attention has been paid to anxiety disorders. The aim of this study is to long time (for 30 days) effect of repetitiv...

Introduction: In this study, we investigated the role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the ventral hippocampus (VH) and their possible interactions with GABAA system on anxiety-like behaviors. Methods: We used an elevated-plus maze test (EPM) to assess anxiety-like behaviors and locomotor activity in male Wistar rats. Results: The results showed that intra-VH infusions of diffe...

introduction: this study aimed to examine the effects of induced inflammatory tooth pain on anxiety level in adult male rats. methods: the mandibular incisors of 56 adult male rats were cut off and prefabricated crowns were fixed on the teeth. formalin and capsaicin were injected intradentally to induce inflammatory tooth pain. diazepam treated group received diazepam 30 minutes before intraden...

The biogenic amine histamine is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that has been implicated in learning and memory processes. Experimental evidence indicates that the role of the cerebellum may be more complex than the simple regulation of motor responses, and recent studies have demonstrated significant involvement of the cerebellum in emotional memory consolidation. T...

Objective(s) Anxiety is a common disorder which afflicts many people in any society and is often accompanied by physiological sensations such as tachycardia, chest pain, shortness of breath, insensitivity, etc. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the putative anxiolytic-like effects of phencyclidine ('-('-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, CAS 956-90-1, PCP, I) and its methyl and methoxy h...

INTRODUCTION Anxiety is among the most common and treatable mental disorders. Adrenergic and cannabinoid systems have an important role in the neurobiology of anxiety. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) has broadly been used to investigate anxiolytic and anxiogenic compounds. The present study investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist (AM251) in...

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that cannabinoidergic system is involved in anxiety. However, there are controversial reports in the experimental studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of pharmacological stimulation or blocking of CB1 receptors and inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation in anxiety like behavior in elevated plus-maze (EPM) test in rat. The EPM is o...

The effects of kindling of the right anterior medial amygdala of Wistar rats was studied. Kindling lastingly increased anxiety (decreased open-arm exploration) in the elevated plus-maze 1 week after the last kindled seizure, replicating previous findings. Changes in anxiety were independent of changes in exploration or activity in either the plus-maze or hole board. A new finding is the depende...