Abstract In an earlier analysis of strong variation algorithms for optimal control problems with endpoint inequality constraints, Mayne and Polak provided conditions under which accumulation points satisfy a condition requiring certain optimality function, used in the to generate search directions, be nonnegative all controls. The aim this paper is clarify nature condition, we call first-order ...

ABSTRACT The discovery that neutrinos have mass has important consequences for cosmology. main effect of massive is to suppress the growth cosmic structure on small scales. Such can be accurately modelled using cosmological N-body simulations, but doing so requires accurate initial conditions (ICs). There a trade-off, especially with first-order ICs, between truncation errors late starts and di...