One important issue that any material or test designer should bear in mind is to be careful about developing teaching and testing reading materials which would not be to the benefit of a group of readers or examinees and to the detriment of some others. One of the factors which may cause difference between the performances of English learners or test takers is the selection of reading tests wit...

Open innovation (OI) projects comprise various steps from the generation of ideas and their development to the market launch of a product (or service). Each step of the innovation process consists of tasks whose execution results in particular outputs. Following the paradigm shift towards OI, organizations increasingly allow external stakeholders to contribute during these steps by taking over ...

Taskflow-oriented programming merges concepts from structured programming, hardware description, and mark-up languages. A mark-up language such as XML supports a well-defined schema that can capture the decomposition of a program into a hierarchy of tasks. A hardware description language such as VHDL relies on well-defined and explicit input/output port definitions to create, at any level of hi...

The paradigm of multi-task learning is that one can achieve better generalization by learning tasks jointly and thus exploiting the similarity between the tasks rather than learning them independently of each other. While previously the relationship between tasks had to be user-defined in the form of an output kernel, recent approaches jointly learn the tasks and the output kernel. As the outpu...

LTEX’s output routine is designed with fixed layout and functionality in mind. This is even true for the current state of the new output routine work by the LTEX3 team. When typesetting things like critical editions, one may have to cater for multiple levels of marginal notes (like verse/line numbers and additional cross references), multiple and nested levels of footnotes, footnotes also carry...

This paper describes an approach to the integration and control of task oriented processes within a task achieving architecture. Tightly coupled low-level processes are expressed as transformations mapping an input into an output space. In perceptual processing these transformations correspond to the operation of virtual sensors, in the sensori-motor loop they correspond more closely to reactiv...

A parachute simulation environment (PSE) has been developed that aims to take advantage of legacy parachute simulation codes and modern object-oriented programming techniques. This hybrid simulation environment provides the parachute analyst with a natural and intuitive way to construct simulation tasks while preserving the pedigree and authority of established parachute simulations. NASA curre...

Efficiency and evaluation is one of the main and most important demands of organizations, companies and institutions. As these organizations deal with a large amount of data, therefore, it is necessary to evaluate them on the basis of scientific methods to improve their efficiency. Data envelopment analysis is a suitable method for measuring the efficiency and performance of organizations. This...

this study builds on laufer and hulstijn’s (2001) motivational-cognitive construct of task-induced involvement in learning vocabulary and addresses itself to its strong claim that the depth of processing is the overriding factor in learning words. the paper first re-examines the effect of processing load and then of task type on the initial learning and retention of words. to do so, 60 efl lear...