Overhand throwing requires contributions from and interaction between all limb segments. Most previous investigations have concentrated on the throwing arm itself, yet poor mechanics at the arm may originate in the lower extremities. Multicomponent ground-reaction forces of both the push-off and landing limbs were measured in six collegiate and one high school level baseball pitchers. Full body...

We study a one-dimensional particles system, in the overdamped limit, where nearest particles attract with a force inversely proportional to a power α of their distance and coalesce upon encounter. The detailed shape of the distribution function for the gap between neighbouring particles serves to discriminate between different laws of attraction. We develop an exact Fokker-Planck approach for ...

The direction of the magnetic forces on currents, at right-angles to the conductor, leads to an apparent failure of the action-reaction force balance when applied to the component parts of a current-carrying circuit. The electromagnetic railgun provides an example showing the need for a force in the direction of current flow. These and other applications continue a long-standing debate, origina...

Ground reaction forces and center of pressure (C of P ) patterns were studied in 17 subjects running a t 4.5 ms-'. The subjects wereclassified as rearfoot o r midfoot strikers according to the location of the C of P at the time of first contact between foot and ground. The C of P path in the rearfoot group showed a continuous anterior movement during support while the C of P in most of the midf...

In the commonly used SIMM software, which includes a complete musculoskeletal model of the lower limbs, the reaction forces at the knee are computed. These reaction forces represent the bone-on-bone contact forces and the soft tissue forces (e.g. ligaments) other than muscles acting at the joint. In the knee model integrated into this software, a patellotibial joint rather than a patellofemoral...

Ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected on twenty adult males during running stance to establish normative standards to aid in assessment of the gait of atypical runners. Subjects ran between 30 and 40 trials across a Kistler 0.6 X 0.9 m force platform at self-selected speeds ranging from 2.5 to 5.5 m s-1. Best fit polynomials for a given descriptor variable were constructed for each su...