Introduction: Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol) is one of the extensively used antioxidants in the food industry. It is used in low-fat foods, fish products, packaging materials, paraffin, and mineral oils. BHT is also widely used in combination with other antioxidants such as BHA, propyl gallate, and citric acid for the stabilization of oils and high-fat foods. On t...

background and objective: tamoxifen is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators that exerts estrogen / anti-estrogen effects in various tissues. this study was done to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of tamoxifen on spatial memory and passive avoidance task in adult male wistar rats. methods: in this experimental study, 48 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into...

introduction: estrogen is one of the gonadal hormones that has multiple beneficial actions in central nervous system and involves in learning and memory. alzheimer's disease (ad) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that impairs patient memory. the human nucleus basalis of meynert (nbm) is severely affected in alzheimer's disease. so in this study the effect of peripheral (intr...

Objective. To study the effect of immunomodulators on learning and memory and on cholinergic receptor sensitivity. Methods. Animals were initially treated for a period of 8 days with cyclosporine/levamisole/saline. They were then subjected to passive avoidance training and 48 hrs later, the retention test for the passive avoidance task was conducted. Twenty-four hours after the retention tests ...

Background and Objective: Based on the effect of chronic metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus on the learning and memory, this study was designed to assess the usefulness of administration of salvialonic acid B on lessening of learning and memory deficits in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were allocated into control, salvialonic acid B-trea...

Introduction: Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxin that its different effects on the central nervous system are well-known. Previous studies have reported the potent effects of vitamin C on memory.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin C against leadinduced amnesia. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: the control (saline), negative contr...

Introduction: The current study aimed at investigating the existence of the cross state-dependent learning between morphine and scopolamine (SCO) in mice by passive avoidance method, pointing to the role of CA1 area.  Methods: The effects of pre-training SCO (0.75, 1.5, and 3 μg, Intra-CA1), or morphine (1, 3, and 6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) was evaluated on the retrieval of passiv...

introduction: the glutamatergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. administration of crocus sativus (saffron) or its constituent, crocin, facilitates the formation of memory. this research investigated the effect of crocin on antagonizing retrograde amnesia induced by ketamine, a glutamatergic receptor antagonist, in rats by shuttle box. methods:  male wistar rats were teste...

background: the cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. administration of crocus sativus (saffron) or its constituent, crocin, facilitates the formation of memory. based on above findings, in the current study the effect of crocin in antagonizing retrograde amnesia induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagonist, in rats was investigated by using shuttle box...