Petroleum-based products are a primary energy source in the industry and daily life. During the exploration, processing, transport and storage of petroleum and petroleum products, water or soil pollution occurs regularly. Biodegradation of the hydrocarbon pollutants by indigenous microorganisms is one of the primary mechanisms of removal of petroleum compounds from the environment. However, the...

Global flaring and venting of petroleum–associated gas is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions and airborne contaminants that has proven difficult to mitigate over the years. In the petroleum industry, poor efficiency in the flare systems often result in incomplete combustion which produces a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and i...

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It is often assumed that natural gas exploration and development in the Marcellus Shale will bring great economic prosperity to state and local economies. Policymakers need accurate economic information on which to base decisions regarding permitting and regulation of shale gas extraction. This paper provides a summary review of research findings on the economic impacts of extractive industries...

Petroleum refining industry uses large volumes of water. The water demand is up to 3 m3 of water for every ton of petroleum processed (US EPA, 1980, 1982; WB, 1998). Almost 56% of this quantity is used in cooling systems, 16% in boiling systems, 19% in production processes and the rest in auxiliary operations. The water usage in the Mexican refineries is almost 155 millions m3 per year; it is 2...

A significant quantum of crude oil is trapped in reservoirs and often unrecoverable by conventional oil recovery methods. Further downstream, the petroleum industry is facing challenges to remove sulfur, metal, nitrogen as well as undesirable organic compounds from the crude. Conventional secondary recovery methods such as water and gas injections helped to increase the productivity of the well...

buy-back contracts in the upstream oil and gas projects of iran, has experienced the third generation of this kind of contracts since its inception on 1373 (1994) when the oil and gas industry of iran opend its petroleum market to the foreign investment. these contracts have since been subject to the various critieques raised by international oil companies, foreign investors, or petroleum exper...

Soft computing techniques have gained greater interest and acceptance in the oil industry in recent years. Some, who advocate the education of more interdisciplinary petroleum engineers, even list soft computing as one of the core competencies for such engineers. This paper will give a brief introduction to the challenges and opportunities for applied time series prediction in the oil industry ...