BACKGROUND The study of gene-environment interactions enables us to further understand the pathogenesis of asthma and inflammation. The TNF-α gene has been associated with airway pathology in asthma but there is limited information in relation to pollutant exposure and the TNF-α 308G/A polymorphism. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk conferred by the TNF-α 308(G/A) polymorphism on respiratory ou...

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between polymorphisms of XbaI and MspI loci of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene and -75 bp, +83 bp loci of apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) gene and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Kazaks of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. METHODS These loci were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-PFLP). Two hundred and five patients with CHD and...

Beef production is an important development area in animal breeding with meat quality being determined by both paratypic and genetic factors. In this regard evaluating genetic material for the presence of desirable allele combinations of genes associated with growth and development indicators, as well as meat qualities of animals have a certain scientific and practical significance. The aim of ...

Militant groups, like all organizations, face crucial decisions about the strategies that they employ. In this article, we assess why some militant organizations successfully diversify into multiple tactics while others limit themselves to just one or a few. This is an important puzzle because militants with increasingly diversified tactics are more likely to stretch counterterrorist defenses, ...