presently there are a number of fine and sensitive methods for determining chemical or biochemical substance among which bio electrodes represent the most recent development. bioelectrodes consist of biologically active materials (e.g enzyme, antibody, whole cell or cell fragments) held in close proximity to a suitable electrochemical transducer that sense specific electroactive enzyme substrat...

Early workers in the field of potentiometry faced a serious problem. The type of cell commonly used in potentiometric studies could supply only a tiny current and often had a high internal electrical resistance. If the electromotive force (emf) of such a cell is to be measured accurately, the apparatus must draw essentially no current from the cell. One obvious approach is to oppose this emf wi...

Optical chemical sensors can yield distinctively different responses that are dependent on the method applied for readout and evaluation. We therefore present a comprehensive study pH determined non-continuously with optical in real milk samples by either photometry or colorimetry (via RGB-readout of digital images) compared to values obtained electrochemically potentiometry. Additionally, phot...

This paper reports the construction and evaluation of two ion selective electrodes for the determination midodrine hydrochloride (MD) by direct potentiometry in pure drug substance and in tablet formulations. Precipitation based technique was used for fabrication of the first membrane sensor (sensor 1) using phosphotungestate (PT) and dioctylphthalate (DOP) as cation exchanger and solvent media...

We propose here a new class of fluorescent H(+) turn-on oxazinoindoline (Ox) dyes as chromoionophores suitable for the development of polymeric ion-selective membranes. Through rational design, oxazinoindolines with varying basicities and tunable absorption bands that extend to the near-infrared region were prepared. The basicities of the compounds were evaluated by potentiometry and fluorescen...

Abstruct-In order to use a wrist-mounted sensor (such as a camera) for a robot task, the position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the robot wrist frame must be known. We can find the sensor mounting position by moving the robot and observing the resulting motion of the sensor. This yields a homogeneous transform equation of the form A X = XB, where A is the change in the robot wri...

Clomipramine hydrochloride, active component of an antidepressant drug, was determined in the pharmaceutical formulation by two kinds of potentiometric sensor; a PVC membrane sensor and a carbon paste electrode modified by MWCNTs and ionic liquid. Both sensors were corporated with clomipramine-tetraphenylborate ion-pair complex and they respond based on ion exchange mechanism. The best PVC memb...

A polyoxapolyaza heteroditopic macrobicyclic compound (btpN(4)O(3)) was synthesized. The acid-base behaviour of the compound as well as its binding ability for zwitterionic amino acids were studied by potentiometry at 298.2 ± 0.1 K in H(2)O-MeOH (50:50 v/v) and at I = 0.10 ± 0.01 M in NMe(4)TsO. The H(n)btpN(4)O(3)(n+) showed preference for amino acids containing tetrahedral anionic groups.