Nepal moved from unitary system with a three-level federal system of government. As federalism accelerates, the national health system can also speed up its own decentralization process, reduce disparities in access, and improve health outcomes. The turn towards federalism creates several potential opportunities for the national healthcare system. This is because decision making has been devolv...

Oral cancer is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, largely as a result of late diagnosis. Although dental practitioners are trained to identify premalignant and malignant lesions, an organized system is needed to offer guidance and to improve access to experts in diagnosis and management of these lesions. In this article, we describe the many ways in which the British Columbia O...

The central contribution of this paper is to provide a description and analysis of spatial inequalities in China at the county scale. Previous accounts have concentrated primarily on crude provincial level economic data. By using data from more than 2000 counties, and in focusing on socio-economic agendas, it is the aim of this paper to provide a more nuanced and sophisticated account of China’...

Over the past 15 years, provincial governments across Canada have consistently demonstrated their willingness to expand the availability of gambling (Campbell et al. 2010). Most recently, the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG) unveiled expansion plans that included eliminating 17 slots-at-race track venues and replacing them with 29 casinos nested more closely to population centres. T...

OBJECTIVE To assess the quality of toilet facilities available for disabled people in a large provincial teaching hospital. DESIGN Survey of toilet facilities for patients on the wards and in the outpatient department. SETTING Teaching hospital in Leeds. RESULTS Although the quality of toilet facilities varied, none met the standards recommended by the British Standards Institution. The w...

This article examines the reception of the early modern hospital among the indigenous people of the Andes under Spanish colonial rule. During the period covered by this study (sixteenth to mid-eighteenth centuries), the hospital was conceived primarily as a manifestation of the sovereign’s paternalistic concern for his subjects’ spiritual well being. Hospitals in the Spanish American colonies w...

Rapid urbanisation in China has resulted an increased demand for land towns and cities. To upgrade modernise, also moved many major industries from urban centres to less populated areas. With the high economic value of land, transformation utilisation brownfield areas have become important economically socially. The Chinese government recognised need strong frameworks safeguard soil groundwater...

Breastfeeding confers extensive and well-established benefits and is recognized as an extremely effective preventative health measure for both mothers and babies. Except in very few specific medical situations, breastfeeding should be universally encouraged for all mothers and infants. To improve worldwide breastfeeding initiation and duration rates, the WHO and UNICEF launched the Baby-Friendl...

OBJECTIVE To determine the factors influencing cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment in countries of East, Central and Southern Africa (ECSA). METHODS Data were collected from randomly selected primary health care centres, district and provincial hospitals, and tertiary hospitals in each participating country. Health care workers were interviewed, using a questionnaire; the facilities for s...

Background: Measurement of back ground concentration of uranium in drinking water is very important for many reasons, specially, for human health. The uranium concentration in drinking water in many counties is a matter of concern for clinical and radioactive poisoning. Materials and Methods: The uranium concentration in drinking water is determined using laser flourimatric uranium analyzer. Fo...