in traditional bazaars social interactions, parallel to economic and movement interactions, created a mixed urban space which was dynamic, lively and attractive to the audience. however, modern shopping centers and shopping malls are economy focused and void of variety of urban spaces like traditional bazaars. the presence of public open spaces and urban squares undetectable from traditional ba...

governing includes administrative and political processesand mechanisms which provide the conditions for citizens and socialgroups to discuss their interests reduce the differences and ensure theirrights. in the age of information and communication technologies, inorder to achieve this aim, public institutions are constrained to havedigital portals. these portals must comply with some standards...

An increasing number of people move to cities in search of better opportunities for themselves and their families. This movement makes it difficult for the local government to understand citizens’ needs fully, particularly pertaining to public safety matters. Thus, in the city of East London where this issue is prevalent, a smart city project was introduced to help alleviate these concerns. Dur...

introduction The quantity and diversity of information available from public government sources is now quite large. Most people associate governmental information exclusively with prescriptive information such as laws and regulations. However, governments , especially local ones, are using the Web to provide a number of services that are mainly informative and aim at improving the quality of li...

E-services have been gaining increasing importance in the public sector over recent years. But even though e-services help governments in many ways – for example by increasing agency efficiency or enabling citizens to participate in democratic processes – citizen e-services usage rates still lag behind expectations in many countries to date. This article analyzes the reasons why citizens do not...

E-governance is the effective use of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) to improve the system of governance and thus provide better services to the Citizens. To bridge the gap between government and citizens, to provide effective and efficient services, to increase productivity and to extend other benefits to its citizens, the governments of various countries introduced e-Governance a...