Humans are often able to draw plausible conclusions from incomplete information based on background knowledge about the world. As a substantial part of this background knowledge is of a lexical nature, a crucial challenge in automating plausible reasoning consists in learning how different words are semantically related. This paper argues that most of the lexical relations that we need for plau...

Attitudes influence behavior towards urban green spaces. But determining attitudes toward urban green spaces is not well operationalized in urban planning research. A study was conducted in the West Island, Montreal, Canada to elaborate the design and development of a valid and reliable instrument to measure the dimensions of citizen attitudes toward urban green spaces. The use of qualitative a...

question of quantity and quality of built spaces and meanings and implications inherent them, have always at the forefront of architectural researches. meanwhile, “approach to cognition” of the phenomenon of built space as well as “means of cognition” is the difference of researches and it is in question. one of the epistemology on recognition of objects which introduced in 20th century and emb...

This Study has discussed the meaning of public space and has shown that public spaces are an essential part of people’s lives. It has also identified the key urban design and architectural ideologies that have influenced the shape of the built environment, and has discussed how each has perceived the value of public spaces. In the following provides an overview of the relationship between peopl...

We study the behaviour of split-hyperbolic mappings in metric spaces. Using shadowing theorem we establish the existence and study some properties of sets analogous to stable and unstable manifolds in linear spaces. Applications to qualitative analysis of the system with hysteresis are also considered.

'Space and place are central to the strategies and meaning of protest’ (p. xi) reads the opening sentence of Katrina Navickas's latest study, Protest and the Politics of Space and Place 1789–1848. Written, in part, as a response to the 'spatial turn' in History, Navickas makes a cogent and persuasive argument for attending to the importance of the particularities of 'place' rather than the abst...

Topological spaces such as classifying spaces, configuration spaces and spacetimes often admit extra directionality. Qualitative invariants on such directed spaces often are more informative, yet more difficult, to calculate than classical homotopy invariants because directed spaces rarely decompose as homotopy colimits of simpler directed spaces. Directed spaces often arise as geometric realiz...