Polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides are two large families of complex natural products that are built from simple carboxylic acid or amino acid monomers, respectively, and that have important medicinal or agrochemical properties. Despite the substantial differences between these two classes of natural products, each is synthesized biologically under the control of exceptionally large, multif...

Antarctic actinobacteria, which can be isolated from both soils and marine sediments, demonstrate a wide range of antimicrobial activities as well significant biosynthetic potential the producers biologically active compounds. However, actinobacterial diversity region has not yet been sufficiently studied. The present study sought to examine antibacterial activity culturable actinobacteria rhiz...

Peptide bond formation by the ribosome requires 23S rRNA and its interaction with the 3'-CCA end of tRNA. To investigate the possible evolutionary development of the peptidyl transfer reaction, we tried to obtain peptide bond formation without the ribosome or rRNA simply by using a piece of tRNA--an aminoacyl-minihelix--mixed with sequence-specific oligonucleotides that contained puromycin. Pep...

Aspergillus fumigatus is a significant human pathogen. Non-ribosomal peptide (NRP) synthesis is thought to be responsible for a significant proportion of toxin and siderophore production in the organism. Furthermore, it has been shown that 4'-phosphopantetheinylation is required for the activation of key enzymes involved in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis in other species. Here we report the cl...

Abstract Background Antibiotic-producing Streptomyces bacteria are ubiquitous in nature, yet most studies of its diversity have focused on free-living strains inhabiting diverse soil environments and those symbiotic relationship with invertebrates. Results We studied the draft genomes 73 isolates sampled from skin (wing tail membranes) fur surfaces bats collected Arizona New Mexico. uncovered l...

Post-transcriptional control of protein abundance is a highly important, underexplored regulatory process by which organisms respond to their environments. Here we describe an important and previously unidentified regulatory pathway involving the ribosomal modification protein RimK, its regulator proteins RimA and RimB, and the widespread bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (cdG). Disrupti...

Bacillus licheniformis produces several classes of antimicrobial substances, including bacteriocins, which are peptides or proteins with different structural composition and molecular mass: ribosomally synthesized by bacteria (1.4–20 kDa), non-ribosomally cyclic lipopeptides (0.8–42 kDa) exopolysaccharides (>1000 kDa). Different bacteriocins act against Gram-positive Gram-negative bacteria, ...