In 2008, the modified European Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive prohibited use hazardous substances such as lead, cadmium, and mercury. As such, an urgent need for lead-free components emerged in Europe. this frame, we have decided to study microstructure influence zinc oxide thin films on detection hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Zinc were deposited by PLD silicon substrates under ...

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several, mainly co-dominantly acting, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). We searched for recessively acting disease loci by performing an analysis of runs of homozygosity (ROH) based on windows of homozygous SNP-blocks and by calculating genomic inbreeding coefficients on a SNP-wise basis. We used...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with a polygenic mode of inheritance. This study examined the hypothesis that runs of homozygosity (ROHs) play a recessive-acting role in the underlying RA genetic mechanism and identified RA-associated ROHs. Ours is the first genome-wide homozygosity association study for RA and characterized the ROH patterns associated with RA in th...

IMPORTANCE The search for novel Alzheimer disease (AD) genes or pathologic mutations within known AD loci is ongoing. The development of array technologies has helped to identify rare recessive mutations among long runs of homozygosity (ROHs), in which both parental alleles are identical. Caribbean Hispanics are known to have an elevated risk for AD and tend to have large families with evidence...

1 While lead-frame and wire-bond packages can be provided as eutectic or lead-free, currently Altera flip-chip packages are RoHS compliant. We use Exemption #15 for the first Level Connections between the flip-chip die to the substrate (RoHS Exemption #15: Lead in solders to complete a viable electrical connection between the semiconductor die and the carrier within the integrated circuit flip-...

This study utilized the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to analyze the risks of green components in compliance with the European Union (EU) the Restriction of Hazardous Substance (RoHS) directive in the incoming quality control (IQC) stage, which is based on a case of an OEM/ODM electronic manufacturer in Taiwan. There are three indices of FMEA in this work: the occurrence (O) that ca...

The push for lead-free or RoHS-compliant products is resulting in significant changes in packaging materials. Manufacturers of electronic equipment require materials that consistently withstand peak reflow temperatures of 240°C to 260°C. Reflow soldering at these extreme temperatures, especially after extended moisture exposure, introduces several challenges that must be solved to produce relia...

The performance of commercially available retrofit LED tubes intended for the replacement linear fluorescent lamps is measured and analyzed with respect to “real-world” installed electronic ballasts, as ascertained through field recovery from bases, such office buildings, parking garages, industrial installations in western Europe 2018 2020. Results show a wide variation lamp power draw, which ...

The increasing awareness of environment protection had made the European Union request the enterprises, through legislation (such as WEEE, RoHS and EuP), to take the responsibility to minimize the environmental impact. Directive of WEEE stresses that producers are responsible for the collection and recycling of all electrical and electronic waste. This paper focuses on how manufacturers can mee...

The recent review for the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) by the expert committee, appointed by the European Union, stated that the replacement of PZT “... may be scientifically and technologically practical to a certain degree ...”, although replacement “... is scientifically and technically still impractical in the majority of applications.” Thus, two decades of sustained...