background: monte carlo simulations play a vital role in the calculation of the necessary shielding both for neutrons and photons. advanced and simple shielding materials against neutron and gamma rays were compared by simulation using the mcnb4b monte carlo code. the simulations were carried out for the three common neutron sources, namely the 252cf, the 241am/be and the dd neutron generator w...

The purpose of E-Waste recycling is resource recovery and hazardous substances management (HSM). However, academic literature that deals with the various social aspects of HSM is limited. As such, this paper focuses on the changes for labeling method, particularly those related to hazardous substance management, and discusses how and why the current mandatory methods have been adopted. We organ...

The Initial Problem Anyone who’s been paying attention knows that the governments are turning “green” – meaning they are banning “hazardous” substances. The European Union (EU) took the lead in this endeavor with a directive, “restriction on the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment,” or simply. “RoHS” This directive (with some exceptions) bans six substance...

this study was conducted to identify emission characteristics of certain hazardous substancescontained in the plastic of used home electrical and electronic appliances keeping in view compliance with therestriction of hazardous substances (rohs) directive and to estimate the possibility of safe recyclingpractices. according to the results, the concentration of cadmium, lead, mercury and chromiu...

this study was conducted to identify emission characteristics of certain hazardous substancescontained in the plastic of used home electrical and electronic appliances keeping in view compliance with therestriction of hazardous substances (rohs) directive and to estimate the possibility of safe recyclingpractices. according to the results, the concentration of cadmium, lead, mercury and chromiu...

Implementation of the RoHS presents special challenges for small and medium sized companies. Limited staff and dependence on outsourced services creates cost burdens for smaller OEMs. The first major challenge is conversion of existing product Bills of Materials. Conversion is usually much more involved than just re-specifying RoHS compliant parts on the AVL. For some components, it may be diff...

background: boron neutron capture therapy (bnct) is a very promising treatment for patients suffering gliobastoma multiforme, an aggressive type of brain cancer, where conventional radiation therapies fail. thermal neutrons are suitable for the direct treatment of cancers which are located at near-tissue-surface deep-seated tumors need harder, epithermal neutron energy spectra. materials and me...

Corrosion-induced failures remain frequent in electronics products used in industrial environments. The International Society for Automation (ISA) Standard 71.04-1985 provides a classification system using corrosion (or reactivity) monitoring to determine the corrosive potential of an environment towards electronic equipment. Changes to electronic equipment mandated by the European Union direct...

For many of the Pb-free solders required under the European RoHS directive, there is now sufficient information, primarily in the form of the results of accelerated thermal cycling of various levels of severity, to develop acceleration models for the creep-fatigue of these solders. In this paper the parameters for the SAC405/305, SAC205, SAC105 and SnAg to replace the parameters for eutectic Sn...