Aside from use as estimates of body mass dimorphism and fore to hind limb joint size comparisons, postcranial elements have not often contributed to assessments of variation in Australopithecus africanus. Meanwhile, cranial, facial, and dental size variation is interpreted to be high or moderately high. Further, the cranial base and face express patterns of structural (shape) variation, which a...

the optimum shape of balance weights is determined, using two different criteria. according to one, one of the balance weights should have minimum size. while the other requires that the mass moment of inertia about the axis of rotation should be minimum. in the second case, the calculus of variation is used to determine the optimum shape. graphs are presented to enable designers to find the di...

Variational Geometry technique, also known as Constraints Satisfaction Problem technique (CSP), is one of the core components in modern CAD systems. One of the known problems of the existing technique is its inability of solving topological changes. In this paper, we propose a new Varaitional Geometry technique with Algebraic Level Set (ALS) geometric model. Based on half-space model theory and...

The problem of designing a periodic interface between two materials in such a way that time-harmonic waves di racted from the interface have a speci ed fareld pattern is studied. A minimization problem for the interface is formulated, and it is shown that solutions of constrained bounded variation exist. The di erentiability of the cost functional is then studied, with no restrictions on the sm...

early body shape changes of beluga sturgeon were studied using landmark-based geometric morphometric approach to recognize its allometric growth pattern. sampling was done from hatching up to 50 days post hatching (dph). left side of specimens were photographed using digital camera and nine landmark points were digitized on two-dimensional images. total length (ti) was measured using the softwa...

The vertebrate cranium is a prime example of the high evolvability of complex traits. While evidence of genes and developmental pathways underlying craniofacial shape determination is accumulating, we are still far from understanding how such variation at the genetic level is translated into craniofacial shape variation. Here we used 3D geometric morphometrics to map genes involved in shape det...

Numerous loci of large effect have been shown to underlie phenotypic variation between species. However, loci with subtle effects are presumably more frequently involved in microevolutionary processes but have rarely been discovered. We explore the genetic basis of shape variation in the first upper molar of hybrid mice between Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus. We performed the first ...

Round seeds are desirable for food-type soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and the genetic control of seed geometry is of scientific interest. The aim of this research was to: (1) compare the seed shape variation of 165 soybean cultivars and to quantify the characteristics of the cultivars, and, (2) to evaluate the seed shape of the parental F1 and F2 populations derived from Tamahomare × Peking...