up to date, there are four pharmacologically characterized subtypes of muscarinic receptors (m1, m2, m3 and m4). in our study we have investigated muscarinic receptor subtypes in smooth muscle layers of human stomach. isolated preparations of longitudinal and circular muscle layers from human stomach were used. acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine and ahr -602 produced concentrati...

hemorrhoidectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with third or fourth-degree hemorrhoids. although the majority of surgeons believe that surgical hemorrhoidectomy is the most effective approach with excellent results in the management of hemorrhoid disease, but hemorrhoidectomy is not a simple procedure. one of the complications of this surgery is an injury to anal sphincters that can l...

dear editor:   hehua ye and colleagues reported an interesting and rare case of primary conjunctival rhabdomyosarcoma (rms) successfully treated with surgery and chemotherapy in iranian journal of ophthalmology 201123(4):65-68. there are some considerable comments that i would like to point out.   orbital rms is the most common malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the childhood and may also rarely...

Introduction: Thymol has negative ionotropic effect on heart and has direct effect on calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Some of the herbal plants just like carum copticum consist of thymol. The postganglionic neurons of the gastrointestinal parasympathetic system are located mainly in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Stimulation of these parasympathetic nerves causes general...

to study the immunohistochemical pattern of cd 117, glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap), smooth muscle actin (sma) and cd 43 in pleomorphic adenoma (pa), adenoid cystic carcinoma (adcc) and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma (plga) of minor salivary glands.twenty cases of pa, 20 cases of adcc and 10 cases of plga were retrieved from record files along with their paraffin blocks at armed f...