This article presents a review of the history of the dental-operating microscope and how it experienced slow acceptance. Following its introduction in 1982, it wasn't until 1997 that microscopy training became manditory for Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Endodontics. Undoubtedly, microscopic enhanced endodontics ultimately reshaped clinical practice and created a potential for a highe...

Periapical surgery is a well-accepted technique used to salvage endodontically involved teeth that cannot be satisfactorily treated or retreated by nonsurgical conventional endodontic procedures (1-4). Indications for periapical surgery are well described in the above mentioned endodontic references. Considering that the prognosis of success following endodontic surgery ranges from 60 to 89% (5...

Surgical emphysema is well known and many case reports have been published on this. Many authors have reported this as a complication post dentoalveolar treatment. Diffusion of air into facial planes and periorbital area during endodontic procedures has been rarely reported. The use of three way air syringe and forceful irrigation of root canal can lead to surgical emphysema of subcutaneous tis...

Advances in endodontics in the past two decades have given endodontists important new tools to save natural dentition. By providing both intense focused light as well as a high degree of magnification, the endoscope, orascope, dental loupes and operating microscopes has become an important part of the armamentarium for many endodontists. Each instrument has inherent advantages and disadvantages...

Presence of extra roots and canals should be considered before initiation of root canal treatment for the success of endodontic treatment. A mandibular second premolar with three separate roots is very rare and its prevalence has been reported to be around 0.1%. This case report explains non-surgical endodontic treatment of a mandibular second premolar with three separate roots and three separa...

Dens invaginatus is a relatively common dental malformation resulting from an infolding of enamel organ into the dental papilla varying in depth into the tooth tissues. Complex morphological anatomy associated with the pulpal pathology presents inaccessibility to completely remove the necrotic pulp tissues and hence poses challenges in rendering endodontic treatment. A combination of nonsurgica...

Invasive cervical resorption is a type of external resorption rarely seen as an adverse effect after a guided tissue regeneration procedure for a periodontal condition. This case report summarizes the surgical endodontic management of an invasive cervical resorption class 4 (Heithersay) with mineral trioxide aggregate, in a mandibular incisor of a 67-year-old man. A 6-year clinical follow-up wi...

Endodontic therapy is performed in a naturally dark and confined working space. Operating microscopes were introduced into Endodontics in the early 1990s, and then into endodontic specialty programs in the United States. Since then, operating microscopes have become widely accepted by endodontists and are also increasingly being used by other specialists. The American Association of Endodontist...

Periapical lesions of endodontic origin may develop asymptomatically and become extensive. Treatment options to manage such lesions range from non-surgical root canal treatment and/or apical surgery to extraction. A high percentage of complete and partial healing of extensive perapical lesions following conventional endodontic therapy has been reported. The case reports in this article describe...