Introduction: It has been demonstrated that cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide (CCK-8s) can affect synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Because one of the major experimental models to understand the events happening in synaptic plasticity is To Study the long-term potentiation (LTP), we decided to investigate the effect of concomitant administration of CCK-8s and tetanic stimulation of S...

Many physiological events require an accurate timing signal, usually generated by neural networks called central pattern generators (CPGs). On the other hand, properties of neurons and neural networks (e.g. time constants of neurons and weights of network connections) alter with time, resulting in gradual changes in timing of such networks. Recently, a synaptic weight adjustment mechanism has b...

metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) consist of a large family of g-protein coupled receptors that are critical for regulating normal neuronal function in the central nervous system. the wide distribution and diverse physiological roles of various mglur subtypes make them highly attractive targets for the treatment of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. the discovery of sub...

introduction: zinc is an essential trace element that plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and modulating the activity of cns and involve in learning and memory. synaptic vesicle zinc in the hippocampus area exerting modulatory effects on nmda glutamate receptor. method: in this experiment the effects of nmda agonist and antagonist administration intra hippocampus on passive avoidance...

Long-term modification of synaptic strength is one of the basic mechanisms of memory formation and activity-dependent refinement of neural circuits. This idea was purposed by Hebb to provide a basis for the formation of a cell assembly. Repetitive correlated activity of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons can induce long-lasting synaptic strength modification, the direction and extent of whi...

OBJECTIVES This study set out to determine the roles of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) signalling cascades in substance P- (SP-) mediated synaptic depression in the nucleus accumbens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used whole-cell patch recording in rat forebrain slices to study the effects of excitatory and inhibitory modulators of PKA and PKC to determine their effects on SP-in...

The neuropeptide substance P evokes a long-term protein synthesis-dependent increase in the cycle frequency of locomotor network activity in the lamprey. Although cellular and synaptic mechanisms that could induce this effect have been identified, nothing is known of the underlying maintenance mechanisms. These mechanisms have been examined here. Substance P potentiates low-frequency-evoked EPS...

Synaptic vesicle endocytosis is critical for maintaining synaptic communication during intense stimulation. Here we describe Tweek, a conserved protein that is required for synaptic vesicle recycling. tweek mutants show reduced FM1-43 uptake, cannot maintain release during intense stimulation, and harbor larger than normal synaptic vesicles, implicating it in vesicle recycling at the synapse. I...