The analysis using the new Regime Legitimation Expert Survey (RLES) demonstrates that non‐democratic rulers in post‐Soviet countries use specific combinations of legitimating claims to stay in power. Most notably, rulers claim to be the guardians of citizens’ socio‐ economic well‐being. Second, despite recurrent infringements on political and civil rights, they maintain that their power i...

The use of plasmon coupling in metal nanoparticles has shown great potential for the optical characterization of many biological processes. Recently, we have demonstrated the use of "plasmon rulers" to observe conformational changes of single biomolecules in vitro. Plasmon rulers provide robust signals without photobleaching or blinking. Here, we show the first application of plasmon rulers to ...

The Counseling System is the one of the basis on which all social and political affairs are presented and investigated through public and political consultation in the form of discussions and free conversations. In the Counseling system, it is the public wisdom and agreement that leads to the selection and determination of rulers, social and political constructs and institutions, codifying and ...

A Golomb ruler with M marks can be defined as a set {ai} of integers so that all differences δij = aj − ai, i 6= j, are distinct. An order 2 Golomb ruler is a Golomb ruler such that all differences δijk` = |δk` − δij |, {i, j} 6 = {k, `}, are distinct as much as possible. Contruction of optimum order 2 Golomb ruler, i.e., of rulers of minimum length, is a highly combinatorial problem which has ...