This paper studies a capacity management problem with upgrading. A firm needs to procure multiple classes of capacities and then allocate the capacities to satisfy multiple classes of customers that arrive over time. A general upgrading rule is considered, i.e., unmet demand can be satisfied using multistep upgrade. No replenishment is allowed and the firm has to make the allocation decisions w...

When the railways were nationalized between 1906 and 1907, the skeleton of the nationwide trunk rail network was nearly completed, as mandated in the Railway Construction Act of 1892. At the end of 1907, nationalized railway lines in operation totalled 7,165 km. Construction continued and 2,677 km of line were added by the end of 1919. In addition to active line expansion, the first decade afte...

PURPOSE To investigate the impact of race on the risk of pathological upgrading and upstaging at radical prostatectomy (RP) in an Asian (Korean) and Western (Caucasian) cohort eligible for active surveillance (AS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 854 patients eligible for AS who underwent RP in United States (n = 261) and Korea (n = 593) between 2006 and 201...

Purpose The management of benign intraductal papilloma (IDP) without atypia diagnosed on core needle biopsy (CNB) remains controversial. This study was performed to evaluate the rate of upgrading to malignancy or high-risk lesions after excision and to identify factors associated with upgrading using a large series of benign IDP cases without atypia. Methods We included patients who were diag...

Upgrading of a pacing system in the presence of a subclavian occlusion is technically challenging. We describe the case of a patient who underwent a successful upgrading procedure of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to a biventricular defibrillator (ICD-CRT) in the presence of a suboccluded left subclavian vein, using a collateral vein that drained into the contralateral subclavi...

The Open University's repository of research publications and other research outputs The role of standards in global value chains and their impact on economic and social upgrading Other How to cite: Kaplinsky, Raphael (2010). The role of standards in global value chains and their impact on economic and social upgrading. World Bank.

OBJECTIVE Previous reports indicate that as many as 43% of men with low grade PCa at biopsy will be diagnosed with high-grade PCa at RP. We explored the rate of upgrading from biopsy to RP specimen in our contemporary cohort, and developed a model capable of predicting the probability of biopsy Gleason sum upgrading. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study cohort consisted of 2982 men treated with RP...

We study budget constrained network upgrading problems. We are given an undirected edge weighted graph G V E where node v V can be upgraded at a cost of c v . This upgrade reduces the weight of each edge incident on v. The goal is to find a minimum cost set of nodes to be upgraded so that the resulting network has a minimum spanning tree of weight no more than a given budget D. The results obta...

The performance of a computer network is commonly measured by the maximum minimum time required to move a certain amount of data between any 2 nodes in the network. Due to the advances in technology, certain links in the network may be upgraded, for instance to optical fibre links, so that better performance can be achieved. In this paper, we study the LINK UPGRADE problem for networks. We firs...