the council directive 2000/75/ec lays down controlling rules and measures to contrast and to eradicate bluetongue disease, including rules on the establishment of protection and surveillance zones and the use of vaccines against bluetongue. in the past years, only sporadic incursions of certain serotypes of the bluetongue virus were recorded in eu. however, after the adoption of the directive, ...

Background: Vaccines based on virus-like particles are effective against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection; however, they have not shown a therapeutic effect against HPV-associated diseases. New immunotherapy strategies based on immune responses against tumor antigens can positively affect the clearance of HPV-associated lesions. Objective: To generate two therapeutic fusion DNA vaccines (o...

the plaque forming unit (pfu) and tissue culture infectious dose50 (tcid 50 ) methods are used for evaluation of vaccine heat stability and effect of various stabilizers on thermal stability of vaccines. the aim of present study is using real-time pcrtechniquefor estimation of vaccine degradation rate and thermal stability of measles vaccines. lyophilized measles vaccines containing three vario...

Haemophilus influenzae, a major cause of meningitis in young children leading to death and other neurological sequelae. The disease leaves 15 to 35% of the survivors with permanent disabilities, such as, mental retardation or deafness. Despite the availability of new and more powerful antibiotics children with Hib meningitis still suffer from high mortality or morbidity. The emergence of multir...

Hospital-acquired infections are one of the main challenges and concerns of patients and medical staff in hospitals and healthcare centers. Meanwhile, Clostridium difficile infection is one of the most important bacterial hospital infections. Prevention is the best and most effective way to deal with these infections. Designing and using vaccines against these infectious microorganisms is the b...

Edible vaccines are sub-unit vaccines where the selected genes are introduced into the plants and the transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein. Edible vaccines are mucosal targeted vaccines where stimulation of both systematic and mucosal immune network takes place. Foods under study include potatoes, bananas, lettuce, rice, wheat, soybean, corn and legumes. Edible va...

background and aims: rubella is a contagious viral disease mostly with mild clinical symptoms and often remains undiagnosed. rubella infection may adversely affect pregnancy, especially in the first trimester and this mother to child transmission can cause congenital rubella and may be lead to permanent disability and mortality in children. effective rubella vaccine should be prepared using sui...