The separate effects of volume expansion and of increased delivery of sodium on sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment of the distal nephron were studied in man. In six normal subjects during a sustained water diuresis, sodium delivery to the distal nephron was increased without volume expansion by the administration of acetazolamide. In these subjects, free water clearance rose linearly a...

The rationales for the use of water soluble polymers for anticancer drug delivery include: the potential to overcome some forms of multidrug resistance, preferential accumulation in solid tumors due to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, biorecognizability, and targetability. The utility of a novel paradigm for the treatment of ovarian carcinoma in an experimental animal model, wh...

BACKGROUND Having considered the physiologic challenges during pregnancy, scientists have searched for different delivery methods with minimal medical intervention. The use of water immersion by women for relaxing during labor is being used worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the controversies surrounding water birth and to find out the interest of Iranian women in this delivery method. METHODS I...

Immersion in water has been suggested as a beneficial alternative for labor, delivery, or both and over the past decades has gained popularity in many parts of the world. Immersion in water during the first stage of labor may be associated with decreased pain or use of anesthesia and decreased duration of labor. However, there is no evidence that immersion in water during the first stage of lab...

BACKGROUND Determining the exact timing of reward delivery is critical in neurophysiological experiments. Despite the importance of this parameter, techniques for precisely measuring the exact delivery time of a liquid reward have been underdeveloped. Although there is always some latency between the computer command and reward delivery, the former has been used routinely to mark reward onset t...

Background: Type of delivery has impact on women postpartum quality of life) QL(. No study has investigated QL of after cesarean section (CS), natural vaginal delivery (NVD) and NVD with water birth as a novel method. Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare women postpartum QL after three delivery modes in Shiraz hospitals. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the women a...

Many communities along the US-Mexico border remain without infrastructure for water and sewage. Residents in these communities often collect and store their water in open 55-gallon drums. This study evaluated changes in drinking water quality resulting from an intervention that provided large closed water storage tanks (2,500-gallons) to individual homes lacking a piped water supply. After the ...

BACKGROUND Practitioners often presume there is adequate humidification in the ventilator circuit if the Y-piece is at a specified temperature, but control of Y-piece temperature may be inadequate to ensure adequate humidification. METHODS In an in vitro bench model we measured water-vapor delivery with several heated humidification setups and a wide range of minute volume (V (E)) values. The...

INTRODUCTION US legislation requires that schools offer free drinking water where meals are served. However, little information is available about what types of water delivery systems schools should install to meet such requirements. The study objective was to examine the efficacy and cost of 2 water delivery systems (water dispensers and bottleless water coolers) in increasing students' luncht...