Like all other floating structures, wave energy converters (WECs) need to be kept in position by station-keeping systems in order to realize its functionality and ensure its safety. A compliant mooring system is normally applied and survivability is the main concern for mooring system design. However, WECs based on relative motions impose special requirements on their mooring systems to ensure ...

Wind energy conversion systems have been attracting wide attention as a renewable energy source due to depleting fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns as a direct consequence of using fossil fuel and nuclear energy sources. Wind energy, even though abundant, varies continually as wind speed changes throughout the day. The amount of power output from a wind energy conversion system (WE...

The aim of the present study was to compare bioethanol production from wet exploded corn stover (WECS) and loblolly pine (WELP) hydrolyzed with in-house and commercial enzymes and fermented separately (SHF) and simultaneously (SSF). In-house enzymes produced from Trichoderma reesei, RUT-C30 and a novel fungal strain, Aspergillus saccharolyticus were loaded as 5 and 15 FPU/g glucan and supplemen...

Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are increasingly higher due to the great demand of wind energy. Thus, the power converter will play a more important role in the next generation of large WECS. Currently, the most accepted ac-ac power converter for WECS is the conventional twolevel back-to-back (2L-B2B). However, 2L-B2B is expected not to provide an acceptable performance for the largest of...

This paper presents the robust fuzzy fault tolerant control (FFTC) for nonlinear wind energy conversion systems (WECS) in the presence of bounded sensor faults and the state variable unavailable for measurement based on Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model. Sufficient conditions are derived for robust stabilization in the sense of Lyapunov asymptotic stability and are formulated in the format of line...

This paper presents a review on the application of back-to-back converters in the field of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The wide applications of the back-to-back converters are power conditioning devices, micro grid, high voltage direct current (HVDC), and renewable energy systems. The intention is to present an overview about the de...

This paper presents the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) combining Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) with PSO-RNN controller. The proposed hybrid technique uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm along with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) which generates the optimal dc reference current. The proposed Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm finds the maximum operati...

This paper presents a direct fuzzy adaptive control for standalone Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG). The problem of maximizing power conversion from intermittent wind of time-varying, highly nonlinear WECS is dealt with by an adaptive control algorithm. The adaptation is designed based on the Lyapunov theory and carried out by the fuzzy l...

In this paper an adaptive PID controller for Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) has been developed. Theadaptation technique applied to this controller is based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) theory. Nonlinearcharacteristics of wind variations as plant input, wind turbine structure and generator operational behaviordemand for high quality adaptive controller to ensure both robust stability an...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that involves non-invasive delivery of weak direct current (1-2 mA) to the brain. Conventionally, tDCS employs rectangular saline-soaked sponge pads (25-35 cm) placed on the scalp, with an internal electrode connected to the current source. Impedance measurement across the current source output may fail to recognize n...