The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is one of the main pests small-grain cereal crops, including bread wheat, Triticum aestivum (Poaceae). In a series glasshouse experiments, we evaluated systemic effect endophytic Beauveria bassiana strain PPRI 7598 on D. biotype RWASA1 using three South African cultivars, Gariep, Molopo, and Kariega. objectives study were: (a) to deter...

The special series “Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies” published throughout 2022, was organised by invitation of the Brazilian Journal Hospital Pharmacy Health Services, to characterise medicines pricing reimbursement in Brazil other countries discuss implementation, effects, gaps opportunities for improvement. included an editorial, a perspective on Pharmaceutical Policies (PPR...

زمینه و هدف: کم‌تحرکی در مقابل آن تمرین جزء عوامل مرتبط با شاخص‌های آسیب کبدی به‌شمار می‌روند. وجود این هنوز نقش بسیاری از تمرین‌های ورزشی به‌ویژه تمرینات تناوبی مقاومتی مصرف برخی مکمل‌های غذایی جمله اسپیرولینا بر ایمنی التهابی کاملاٌ شناخته نشده است؛ بنابراین هدف پژوهش تعیین اثر هشت هفته مکمل‌دهی هوازی فعالیت بافت کبد بیان ژن CXCL1 عضلة موش‌های صحرایی نر بود.مواد روش‌ها: نیمه‌تجربی، 60 سر موش ن...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to analyze which pharmaceutical policies European countries applied during the global financial crisis. METHODS We undertook a survey with officials from public authorities for pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement of 33 European countries represented in the PPRI (Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information) network based on a questionnaire...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) strain PPRI 5339 [BroadBand, an emulsifiable spore concentrate (EC) formulation] and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain F52 [Met52, both EC and granular (GR) formulations] against the larvae of ...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to provide an overview about the existence and types of discounts and rebates granted to public payers by the pharmaceutical industry in European countries. METHODS Data were collected via a questionnaire in spring 2011. Officials from public authorities for pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement represented in the PPRI (Pharmaceutical Pricing and R...