among the power drills ( electrical/ pneumatic/battery ) used in orthopedic surgery, battery drill has got several advantages. surgeons in low resource settings could not routinely use orthopedic battery drills (obd) due to the prohibitive cost of good drills or poor quality of other drills. “hardware” or engineering battery drill (hbd) is a viable alternative to obd. hbd is easy to procure, ru...

health reforms that emphasize public health and improvements in primary care can be cost-effective measures to achieve health improvements, especially in developing countries that face severe resource constraints. in their paper “shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000,” gusmano et al suggest that shanghai’s health policy-makers have been successful in...

The opportunity cost model (OCM) aims to explain various phenomena, among which the finding that performance degrades if executive functions are used repeatedly ("resource depletion"). We argue that an OCM account of resource depletion requires two unlikely assumptions, and we discuss an alternative that does not require these assumptions. This alternative model describes the interplay between ...

Health reforms that emphasize public health and improvements in primary care can be cost-effective measures to achieve health improvements, especially in developing countries that face severe resource constraints. In their paper “Shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000,” Gusmano et al suggest that Shanghai’s health policy-makers have been successful in...

Among the power drills ( Electrical/ Pneumatic/Battery ) used in Orthopedic surgery, battery drill has got several advantages. Surgeons in low resource settings could not routinely use Orthopedic battery drills (OBD) due to the prohibitive cost of good drills or poor quality of other drills. “Hardware” or Engineering battery drill (HBD) is a viable alternative to OBD. HBD is easy to procure, ru...

Identifying the factors that promote or preclude the evolution of resource polymorphism is essential for understanding the origins of diversity. Although such polymorphisms have long been viewed as an adaptive response to intraspecific competition, they are by no means ubiquitous, even in populations experiencing strong competition. In the present study, we examined a potentially important cost...

Alternative resource constraint problems have to be solved in practical applications where several resources are available for the activities to be scheduled. In this paper, we present a modular approach to solve such problems which is based on single resource constraints. Furthermore, we present a new sweeping algorithm which performs some “global” overload checking for the alternative resourc...

Nitrogen-fixing plants, by altering the availability of soil N, potentially facilitate plant invasion. Here we describe how herbivore-driven mortality of a native Nfixing shrub, bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus), increases soil N and light availability, which promotes invasion by introduced grasses to the detriment of a native plant community. Soils under live and dead lupine stands contained larg...

In the context of operative disruption management, decision support systems have to evaluate the typically manifold options of responding to disturbances: The temporal shift of activities and the allocation of alternative resources can be assessed by the application of generic scheduling frameworks such as the Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP). However, switches from one p...