[1] Despite the extensive use of Be as the most significant information source on past solar activity, there has been only one record (Dye-3, Greenland) providing annual resolution over several centuries. Here we report a new annual resolution Be record spanning the period 1389–1994 AD, measured in an ice core from the NGRIP site in Greenland. NGRIP and Dye-3 Be exhibits similar long-term varia...

The purpose of this letter is to address a blind-spot in our knowledge of solar active region statistics. To the best of our knowledge there are no published results showing the variation of the Mount Wilson magnetic classifications as a function of solar cycle based on modern observations. We show statistics for all active regions reported in the daily Solar Region Summary from 1992 January 1 ...

We perform a model-independent analysis of solar neutrino flux rates including the recent charged-current measurement at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). We derive a universal sum rule involving SNO and SuperKamiokande rates, and show that the SNO neutral-current measurement cannot fix the fraction of solar nu(e) oscillating to sterile neutrinos. The large uncertainty in the standard sol...

In the present work, we investigate solar radiation climate of Saudi Arabia, using data from 43 sites in country covering period 2013–2021. These include hourly values global, G, and diffuse, Gd, horizontal irradiances which direct, Gb, irradiance is estimated. The diffuse fraction, kd; direct-beam kb; ratio ke = Gd/Gb, are used analysis. Solar maps annual mean kd, kb, prepared for Arabia under...

Background: This study investigates the connection between annual global solar radiation and ground albedo solar radiation due to desertification in line with previous research on the correlation between climatic changes and desertification. Methods: A simulation study was performed using an algorithm formulated by the authors and the typical albedo coefficient values of forested ground, green ...

We derive the Legendre series expansion for insolation distribution on rapidly rotating planets as a function of sine latitude and planet's obliquity. give an explicit formula coefficients this it depends obliquity approximate convergence rate. determine optimal truncation use in climate models compare approximation to other approximations literature.

The design of a solar protection system that can minimize solar gains while maximizing daylight and view to the outside is particularly challenging in arid climates, such as in the Middle-East, where sand, wind and corrosion impose specific constraints. We propose a system that provides a trade-off for three requirements: (i) maximize diffuse sunlight and view to the outside, (ii) efficiently b...

Pterygium is a chronic eye disease: among its recognized risk factors there is long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The Sun is the main source of UV exposure: according to the World Health Organization, the Population Attributable Fraction of pterygium due to solar radiation (SR) is 42-74%. Outdoor work can deeply influence the eye exposure to solar UV rays, but, despite this, pter...

In this paper, a solar combi-system which consists of solar collector and a CO2 heat pump is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Two experiments are primarily conducted to show the performance of this solar combi-system under different operation conditions. A system model is developed and validated in TRNSYS to analyze the influence of main components parameters. Subsequently, a mult...